Equipped with spiritual armor against the threats and blows of a new, strange life, literate man marches forth to win victories in war and statecraft, art and science, religion and business. But in achieving these triumphs each civilization brings into being, willy-nilly, a larger and more complex community, increasingly divided against itself by internal cleavages of needs and creeds and fraught with growing contradictions in all spheres of life between theory and practice, faith and works, ideals and realities. The new unity of sentiment and purpose which gloriously characterizes the coming of the great age proves to be short-lived.
The uneasy balance of instinct, egotism, and ethics, woefully lost with the initial transition from preliteracy to civilization and transiently regained in new devotions to tribal gods, human or divine, is again lost as the orbit of civilization moves from tribe and kingdom and nation to the complex and confusing imperium of the great society and the World State. The acids of rationalism and skepticism dissolve old loyalties. The injunctions of morality, even when reinforced by the vision of the monotheistic higher religions, conflict with reason and self-interest. Man is divided against himself. And therefore men become divided against themselves in new cleavages of rich and poor, in-group and out-group, faithful and infidel, orthodox and heterodox, my side and your side.
🔗 Texto adaptado de: Schuman, F. L. International Politics: The Destiny of the Western State System. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1948.
144. It is correct to conclude from the meanings and the grammatical structure of the second sentence of the text that contradictions are part of the “cleavages of needs and creeds”.
🔎 Gabarito: ERRADO
🧭 1️⃣ Leitura orientada do item
O item exige atenção à segunda frase do primeiro parágrafo e propõe uma inferência estrutural: se as contradições estariam incluídas dentro das “cleavages of needs and creeds”.
Portanto, trata-se de uma análise de coordenação sintática e de relação semântica entre segmentos da frase.
📝 2️⃣ Análise técnica do item
A estrutura central da frase é a seguinte:
“a larger and more complex community, increasingly divided against itself by internal cleavages of needs and creeds and fraught with growing contradictions …”
Gramaticalmente, temos duas construções coordenadas:
• “divided against itself by internal cleavages of needs and creeds”
• “and fraught with growing contradictions”
Isso significa que as cleavages of needs and creeds e as contradictions são apresentadas como fatores distintos que caracterizam a sociedade complexa, não como uma relação de inclusão.
Semanticamente, “cleavages” refere-se a divisões internas (necessidades e crenças), enquanto “contradictions” se refere a tensões conceituais e práticas (“between theory and practice, faith and works, ideals and realities”).
O item erra ao transformar uma relação de adição coordenada em uma relação de parte–todo.
⚠️ 3️⃣ Armadilhas clássicas da banca
• Ler coordenação (“and”) como explicação ou inclusão.
• Ignorar a simetria sintática entre os dois particípios (“divided” / “fraught”).
• Confundir divisão social (“cleavages”) com contradição conceitual.
🧠 4️⃣ Resumo B3GE™ Master
✖ As contradições não fazem parte das “cleavages of needs and creeds”.
✔ Elas são apresentadas como fenômenos adicionais e distintos.
✔ A gramática da frase impede a leitura de inclusão.
Gabarito confirmado: ERRADO.